Single-cell analysis revealing the metabolic landscape of prostate cancer.

Tumor metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer development, and targeting metabolic vulnerabilities has been proven to be an effective approach for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment. Nevertheless, treatment failure inevitably occurs, largely due to cellular heterogeneity, which cannot be deciphered by traditional bulk sequencing techniques. By employing computational pipelines for single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrated that epithelial cells within the prostate are more metabolically active and plastic than stromal cells. Moreover, we identified that neuroendocrine (NE) cells tend to have high metabolic rates, which might explain the high demand for nutrients and energy exhibited by neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), one of the most lethal variants of prostate cancer (PCa). Additionally, we demonstrated through computational and experimental approaches that variation in mitochondrial activity is the greatest contributor to metabolic heterogeneity among both tumor cells and nontumor cells. These results establish a detailed metabolic landscape of PCa, highlight a potential mechanism of disease progression, and emphasize the importance of future studies on tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment from a metabolic perspective.

Isolation, purification, and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula and its therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in vitro and in vivo.

Codonopsis pilosula is a famous edible and medicinal plants, in which polysaccharides are recognized as one of the important active ingredients. A neutral polysaccharide (CPP-1) was purified from C. pilosula. The structure was characterized by HPSEC-MALLS-RID, UV, FT-IR, GC-MS, methylation analysis, and NMR. The results showed that CPP-1 was a homogeneous pure polysaccharide, mainly containing fructose and glucose, and a small amount of arabinose. Methylation analysis showed that CPP-1 composed of →1)-Fruf-(2→, Fruf-(1→ and Glcp-(1→ residues. Combined the NMR results the structure of CPP-1 was confirmed as α-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ [2)-ß-D-Fruf-(1 â†’ 2)-ß-D-Fruf-(1]26 â†’ 2)-ß-D-Fruf with the molecular weight of 4.890 × 103 Da. The model of AML12 hepatocyte fat damage was established in vitro. The results showed that CPP-1 could increase the activity of SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes and reduce the content of MDA, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. Subsequently, the liver protective effect of CPP-1 was studied in the mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by the high-fat diet. The results showed that CPP-1 significantly reduced the body weight, liver index, and body fat index of NAFLD mice, and significantly improved liver function. Therefore, CPP-1 should be a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD.

A novel integrated Urban flood risk assessment approach coupling GeoDetector-Dematel and clustering method.

Urban flood risk assessment plays a crucial role in disaster prevention and mitigation. A scientifically accurate assessment and risk stratification method are of paramount importance for effective flood risk management. This study aims to propose a comprehensive urban flood risk assessment approach by coupling GeoDetector-Dematel and Clustering Method to enhance the accuracy of urban flood risk evaluation. Based on simulation results from hydraulic models and existing literature, the research established a set of urban flood risk assessment indicators comprising 10 metrics across two dimensions: hazard factors and vulnerability factors, among which vulnerability factors include exposure factors, sensitivity factors, and adaptability factors. Subsequently, the research introduced the GeoDetector-Dematel method to determine indicator weights, significantly enhancing the scientific rigor and precision of weight calculation. Finally, the research employed the K-means clustering method to risk zonation, providing a more scientifically rational depiction of the spatial distribution of urban flood risks. This novel comprehensive urban flood risk assessment method was applied in the Fangzhuang area of Beijing. The results demonstrated that this integrated approach effectively enhances the accuracy of urban flood risk assessment. In conclusion, this research offers a new methodology for urban flood risk assessment and contributes to decision-making in disaster prevention and control measures.

[Short-term clinical efficacy observation of lesion removal, bone graft fusion, and external brace treatment for late-stage wrist tuberculosis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of lesion removal, bone grafting, fusion, and external fixation in the treatment of late-stage wrist tuberculosis. METHODS: From October 2015 to May 2019, 25 patients with late-stage wrist tuberculosis were treated using lesion removal, bone grafting, fusion, and external fixation. Among these patients, there were 14 males and 11 females, aged from 40 to 74 years old, with an average age of (60.72±8.45) years old. The duration of the disease ranged from 5 to 24 months, with an average of (11.52±7.61) months. There were 11 cases of left wrist tuberculosis and 14 cases of right wrist tuberculosis, with 5 cases accompanied by sinus formation. Postoperative regular anti-tuberculosis treatment was continued. Visual analogue score (VAS), inflammatory indicators, Gartland-Werley wrist function score, and upper limb function score were observed before and after treatment. RESULTS: All 25 patients were followed up for ranging from 12 to 36 months with an average of (19.7±6.3) months. At the latest follow-up, all wounds were healed satisfactorily, and there was no recurrence of tuberculosis or infection. VAS at one week before operation and three months after operation were (5.16±1.14) score and (1.68±0.80) score respectively. One week before operation and three months after operation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was (44.20±20.56) mm·h-1 and (14.44±1.14) mm·h-1, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was (12.37±7.95) mg·L-1 and (4.3±3.37) mg·L-1. The differences in all three data sets were statistically significant (P<0.01). According to Gartland-Werley wrist function scoring, the scores at one week before operation and one year after operation were (21.32±3.44) and (14.96±1.37) respectively, showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). According to the upper limb function score (disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand, DASH), the score was (70.52±7.95) at one week before operation and(28.84±2.30) at one year after operation. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). At the latest follow-up, no patient had a recurrence of tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: The short-term clinical efficacy of treating wrist tuberculosis with lesion removal, bone grafting, fusion, and external fixation is satisfactory.

A biomarker panel of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and serum amyloid A is a predictor of sepsis in severe trauma patients.

Severe trauma could induce sepsis due to the loss of control of the infection, which may eventually lead to death. Accurate and timely diagnosis of sepsis with severe trauma remains challenging both for clinician and laboratory. Combinations of markers, as opposed to single ones, may improve diagnosis. We compared the diagnostic characteristics of routinely used biomarkers of sepsis alone and in combination, trying to define a biomarker panel to predict sepsis in severe patients. This prospective observational study included patients with severe trauma (Injury severity score, ISS = 16 or more) in the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) at a university hospital. Blood samples were collected and plasma levels of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured using commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A total of 100 patients were eligible for analysis. Of these, 52 were diagnosed with sepsis. CRP yielded the highest discriminative value followed by PCT. In multiple logistic regression, SAA, CRP, and PCT were found to be independent predictors of sepsis. Bioscore which was composed of SAA, CRP, and PCT was shown to be far superior to that of each individual biomarker taken individually. Therefore, compared with single markers, the biomarker panel of PCT, CRP, and SAA was more predictive of sepsis in severe polytrauma patients.

High Expression of Fas-Associated Factor 1 Indicates a Poor Prognosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) is a death-promoting protein identified as an interaction partner of the death receptor Fas. The downregulation and mutation of FAF1 have been reported in a variety of human tumors, but there have been few studies on lung cancer. Here, we investigated the prognostic significance of FAF1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and whether aberrant FAF1 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis and prognosis of NSCLC. FAF1 expression was examined in NSCLC specimens as well as human lung cancer cell lines. In addition, changes in cell viability and apoptosis upon regulating FAF1 expression were investigated in lung cancer cell lines. As a result, high FAF1 expression was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC. In lung cancer cell lines, FAF1 downregulation hindered cell viability and tended to promote early apoptosis. In conclusion, this is the first study of the clinical significance of FAF1 in NSCLC, showing that FAF1 overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC and that FAF1 acts as a dangerous factor rather than an apoptosis promoter in NSCLC.

Improving Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Contributes to the Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Nicotinamide Riboside.

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Boosting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) using nicotinamide riboside (NR) can effectively decrease oxidative stress and increase mitochondrial function. However, whether NR can ameliorate IR in skeletal muscle is still inconclusive. We fed male C57BL/6J mice with an HFD (60% fat) ± 400 mg/kg·bw NR for 24 weeks. C2C12 myotube cells were treated with 0.25 mM palmitic acid (PA) ± 0.5 mM NR for 24 h. Indicators for IR and mitochondrial dysfunction were analyzed. NR treatment alleviated IR in HFD-fed mice with regard to improved glucose tolerance and a remarkable decrease in the levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index. NR-treated HFD-fed mice also showed improved metabolic status regarding a significant reduction in body weight and lipid contents in serum and the liver. NR activated AMPK in the skeletal muscle of HFD-fed mice and PA-treated C2C12 myotube cells and upregulated the expression of mitochondria-related transcriptional factors and coactivators, thereby improving mitochondrial function and alleviating oxidative stress. Upon inhibiting AMPK using Compound C, NR lost its ability in enhancing mitochondrial function and protection against IR induced by PA. In summary, improving mitochondrial function through the activation of AMPK pathway in skeletal muscle may play an important role in the amelioration of IR using NR.

Quercetin serves as the major component of Xiang-lian Pill to ameliorate ulcerative colitis via tipping the balance of STAT1/PPARγ and dictating the alternative activation of macrophage.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The traditional Chinese herbal formula, Xiang-lian Pill (XLP), is commonly prescribed for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients to relieve their clinical symptom. Nonetheless, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of XLP's anti-UC effect remain incompletely understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and elucidate the possible working mechanisms of XLP in UC treatment. The major active component of XLP was also characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) dissolved in drinking water for 7 consecutive days. The UC mice were grouped and treated with XLP (3640 mg/kg) or vehicle orally during the procedure of DSS induction. Mouse body weight, disease activity index (DAI) score and colon length were recorded. Histopathological changes and inflammatory cell infiltration were evaluated by pathological staining and flow cytometric analysis (FACS). Network pharmacology, bioinformatic analysis, widely targeted and targeted metabolomics analysis were performed to screen the potential effective ingredients and key targets. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells were used to dissect the anti-inflammatory effect of XLP. RESULTS: Oral administration of XLP ameliorated DSS induced mouse colitis, as evidenced by reduced DAI and colonic inflammatory destruction. FACS results demonstrated that XLP treatment effectively restored immune tolerance in colon, inhibited the generation of monocyte derived macrophages and skewed macrophage polarization into M2 phenotype. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that innate effector modules related to macrophage activation comprise the major targets of XLP, and the counter-regulatory STAT1/PPARγ signaling possibly serves as the critical downstream pathway. Subsequent experiments unveiled an imbalance of STAT1/PPARγ signaling in monocytes derived from UC patients, and validated that XLP suppressed LPS/IFN-γ induced macrophage activation (STAT1 mediated) but facilitated IL-4 induced macrophage M2 polarization (PPARγ dependent). Meanwhile, our data showed that quercetin served as the major component of XLP to recapitulate the regulatory effect on macrophages. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that quercetin serves as the major component of XLP that regulates macrophage alternative activation via tipping the balance of STAT1/PPARγ, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the therapeutic effect of XLP in UC treatment.

Associations between Adipokines and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Using Three Different Diagnostic Criteria.

BACKGROUND: A panel of experts proposed a new definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in 2020. To date, the associations between adipokines, such as adiponectin, adipsin, and visfatin and MAFLD remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the associations between each of these three adipokines and MAFLD using different diagnostic criteria. METHODS: In total, 221 participants were included in our study based on medical examination. Detailed questionnaire information, physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and blood-biochemical-test indexes were collected. The levels of adipokines were tested by using an enzyme immunoassay. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of the adipokines with MAFLD. RESULTS: In total, 122 of the participants were diagnosed with MAFLD. Higher levels of adipsin and lower levels of adiponectin were found in the MAFLD group than in the non-MAFLD group (all p < 0.05). According to the logistic regression analysis, the ORs were 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05-0.23) for adiponectin, 4.46 (95% CI: 2.19-9.12) for adipsin, and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.27-0.99) for visfatin when comparing the highest tertile with the lowest tertile (all p-trend < 0.05). The inverse association between adiponectin and MAFLD was strongest when T2DM was used as the diagnostic criterion alone, and the positive association between adipsin and MAFLD was strongest when BMI was used as the diagnostic criterion alone. There was no significant association between visfatin and MAFLD, regardless of whether each of BMI, T2DM, or metabolic dysregulation (MD) was used as the diagnostic criterion for MAFLD alone. CONCLUSION: Adipsin levels were positively associated with MAFLD and adiponectin levels were inversely associated with MAFLD. The strength of these associations varied according to the different diagnostic criteria for MAFLD.

Synthesis and Biological Activities of 11- and 12-Substituted Benzophenanthridinone Derivatives as DNA Topoisomerase IB and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibitors.

Herein, a series of 11- or 12-substituted benzophenanthridinone derivatives was designed and synthesized for the discovery of dual topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) inhibitors. Enzyme-based assays indicated that two compounds 12 and 38 showed high TOP1 inhibitory potency (+++), and four compounds 35, 37, 39 and 43 showed good TDP1 inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 10 to 18 µM. 38 could induce cellular TOP1cc formation, resulting in the highest cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cells (0.25 µM). The most potent TDP1 inhibitor 43 (10 µM) could induce cellular TDP1cc formation and enhance topotecan-induced DNA damage and showed strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/TDP1 cells.

Molecular characterization and prognosis of mutant TP53 acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts.

INTRODUCTION: Myeloid tumors typically harbor TP53 mutations, which are linked to a dismal prognosis. There are fewer studies on whether TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts (MDS-EB) differ in molecular characteristics and should be considered as separate entities. METHODS: Between January 2016 and December 2021, a retrospective analysis was done on a total of 73 newly diagnosed AML patients and 61 MDS-EB patients from the first affiliated hospital of Soochow University. We described a survival profile and a thorough characterization of newly found TP53-mutant AML and MDS-EB and investigated the relationship between these characteristics and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: 38 (31.1%) were mono-allelic, and 84 (68.9%) were bi-allelic. There is no significant difference between TP53-mutated AML and MDS-EB (median OS 12.9 verse 14.4 months; p = .558). Better overall survival was linked to mono-allelic TP53 than bi-allelic TP53(HR = 3.030, CI:1.714-5.354, p < .001). However, the number of TP53 mutations and comutations were not significantly associated with OS. TP53 variant allele frequency cutoff of 50% is significant correlation with OS (HR: 2.177, 95% CI: 1.142-4.148; p = .0063). CONCLUSION: Our data revealed that allele status and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant independently affect the prognostic of AML and MDS-EB patients, with a concordance of molecular features and survival between these two disease entities. Our analysis favors considering TP53-mutated AML/MDS-EB as a distinct disorder.

The Relationship Between Social Support and Suicide Resilience in Chinese Cancer Patients: A Serial Multiple Mediation Model Through Self-care Self-efficacy and Meaning in Life.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature has shown a higher risk of suicide in cancer patients compared with the general population. Early detection of factors related to suicide resilience in cancer patients could prevent loss of life. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the serial-multiple mediation of self-care self-efficacy and meaning in life in the relationship between social support and suicide resilience among Chinese cancer patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional investigation of 287 cancer patients using a battery of self-reported questionnaires was performed. For preliminary analyses, descriptive, univariate, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Mediation analyses were tested using a serial-multiple mediation model (PROCESS model 6). RESULTS: Mediation analysis indicated the indirect effects of social support on suicide resilience mediated solely by either self-care self-efficacy (point estimate = 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.30), or by meaning in life (point estimate = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.12), or by the multiple mediation of self-care self-efficacy to meaning in life (point estimate = 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrated the crucial direct or indirect effects of social support, self-care self-efficacy, and meaning in life on facilitating cancer patients' suicide resilience. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Oncology nurses, as 24-hour care providers for cancer patients, may interact with and be important sources for the psychosocial care of cancer patients at risk of suicide. Prevention and intervention efforts must be directed at assisting cancer patients, improving self-care self-efficacy, and finding meaning in life after a cancer diagnosis.

Increased Serum Adipsin Correlates with MAFLD and Metabolic Risk Abnormalities.

Purpose: A panel of international experts proposed a new definition of fatty liver in 2020, namely metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). As an adipokine, adipsin is closely related to metabolic-related diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship among MAFLD, serum adipsin, and metabolic risk abnormalities. Methods: Our study was a cross-sectional study based on the first follow-up of the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). A total of 908 patients with hepatic steatosis were involved in our study. Detailed data of patients were collected based upon questionnaire information, physical examination, and blood biochemical test. Results: Among the 908 patients, 789 patients were diagnosed with MAFLD. The levels of serum adipsin in the MAFLD group and non-MAFLD group were (3543.00 (3187.94-3972.50) ng/mL) and (3095.33 (2778.71-3354.77) ng/mL) (P < 0.001), respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, adipsin levels were found to be associated with MAFLD. The OR was 3.46 (95% CI: 1.57-7.64) for adipsin when comparing subjects in the highest tertile with those in the lowest tertile. With the increase in the number of metabolic risk abnormalities, both the levels of serum adipsin and the proportion of moderate to severe fatty liver increased (all p-trend < 0.001). Conclusion: Increased serum adipsin correlates with MAFLD. Both adipsin levels as well as fatty liver severity increase with higher numbers of metabolic risk abnormalities.

Berberine plays a cardioprotective role by inhibiting macrophage Wnt5a/ß-catenin pathway in the myocardium of mice after myocardial infarction.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the diseases with high fatality rate. Berberine (BBR) is a monomer compound with various biological functions. And some studies have confirmed that BBR plays an important role in alleviating cardiomyocyte injury after MI. However, the specific mechanism is unclear. In this study, we induced a model of MI by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and we surprisingly found that BBR significantly improved ventricular remodeling, with a minor inflammatory and oxidative stress injury, and stronger angiogenesis. Moreover, BBR inhibited the secretion of Wnt5a/ß-catenin pathway in macrophages after MI, thus promoting the differentiation of macrophages into M2 type. In summary, BBR effectively improved cardiac function of mice after MI, and the potential protective mechanism was associated with the regulation of inflammatory responses and the inhibition of macrophage Wnt5a/ß-catenin pathway in the infarcted heart tissues. Importantly, these findings supported BBR as an effective cardioprotective drug after MI.

Comparison of two commercial methods with a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in cereals.

Immunoassay-based techniques are important on-site screening tools for the detection of mycotoxins in cereals. This study aims to evaluate the trueness, precision, repeatability and cross-reactivity of commercially available test strips, ELISA kits and UHPLC-MS/MS on analyzing zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and fumonisin B1. The results showed that false negative rate (25.7 %-37.4 %) of all tested mycotoxins by test strips was higher than the false positive rate (0 %-31.0 %). The repeatability of ELISA kits at the declared LOD dispersed from -85.7 % to +98.4 %. ELISA kits were more accurate at 50 % of the maximum residue limit (MRL) of mycotoxins than 150 % and 200 %. All the tested deoxynivalenol/zearalenone derivatives had cross-reactivity with different level, and sample matrix could reinforce this overestimation of target mycotoxin. This study emphasized that higher-quality antibody screening and more analytical performance investigations are need to address for on-site detection of mycotoxins in the future.

Population genomics reveals moderate genetic differentiation between populations of endangered Forest Musk Deer located in Shaanxi and Sichuan.

BACKGROUND: Many endangered species exist in small, genetically depauperate, or inbred populations, hence promoting genetic differentiation and reducing long-term population viability. Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) has been subject to illegal hunting for hundreds of years due to the medical and commercial values of musk, resulting in a significant decline in population size. However, it is still unclear to what extent the genetic exchange and inbreeding levels are between geographically isolated populations. By using whole-genome data, we reconstructed the demographic history, evaluated genetic diversity, and characterized the population genetic structure of Forest Musk Deer from one wild population in Sichuan Province and two captive populations from two ex-situ centers in Shaanxi Province. RESULTS: SNP calling by GATK resulted in a total of 44,008,662 SNPs. Principal component analysis (PCA), phylogenetic tree (NJ tree), ancestral component analysis (ADMIXTURE) and the ABBA-BABA test separated Sichuan and Shaanxi Forest Musk Deer as two genetic clusters, but no obvious genetic differentiation was observed between the two captive populations. The average pairwise FST value between the populations in Sichuan and Shaanxi ranged from 0.05-0.07, suggesting a low to moderate genetic differentiation. The mean heterozygous SNPs rate was 0.14% (0.11%-0.15%) for Forest Musk Deer at the genomic scale, and varied significantly among three populations (Chi-square = 1.22, p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis Test), with the Sichuan population having the lowest (0.11%). The nucleotide diversity of three populations varied significantly (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis Test), with the Sichuan population having the lowest genetic θπ (1.69 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic diversity of Forest Musk Deer was moderate at the genomic scale compared with other endangered species. Genetic differentiation between populations in Sichuan and Shaanxi may not only result from historical biogeographical factors but also be associated with contemporary human disturbances. Our findings provide scientific aid for the conservation and management of Forest Musk Deer. They can extend the proposed measures at the genomic level to apply to other musk deer species worldwide.

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the structural, elastic, and optoelectronic properties of vacancy-ordered double perovskite Cs2PdBr6.

The vacancy-ordered double perovskite Cs2PdBr6 has the advantages of good optoelectronic properties, environmental friendliness, and high stability. It has been experimentally confirmed by researchers as an optoelectronic material with broad application prospects and research value, and is regarded as a potential substitute for lead halide perovskites. In this paper, based on the first-principles calculations in the framework of density functional theory, the crystal structure, elastic, electronic, and optical properties of Cs2PdBr6 under hydrostatic pressure of 0-6 GPa have been investigated with a step size of 0.5 GPa. The calculated results obtained under the condition of 0 GPa hydrostatic pressure are in good agreement with the existing experimental values. When the hydrostatic pressure is applied, the crystal structure parameters of Cs2PdBr6 appear nonlinear changes, but it can still maintain a stable cubic crystal structure. With the increase of pressure, the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus of Cs2PdBr6 increase gradually, and its ductility also improves gradually. Hydrostatic pressure can reduce the bandgap value of Cs2PdBr6, thereby enhancing the optoelectronic properties such as absorption and conductivity. In summary, hydrostatic pressure can change the bandgap value of Cs2PdBr6, improve its optoelectronic performance, and make it more suitable for use as the light-absorbing layer in solar cells.

Cucurbit[7]uril-Mediated Supramolecular Bactericidal Nanoparticles: Their Assembly Process, Controlled Release, and Safe Treatment of Intractable Plant Bacterial Diseases.

A safe, biocompatible, and stimuli-responsive cucurbit[7]uril-mediated supramolecular bactericidal nanoparticle was fabricated by encapsulating a highly bioactive carbazole-decorated imidazolium salt (A1, EC50 = 0.647 µg/mL against phytopathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) into the host cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), thereby leading to self-assembled topographies from microsheets (A1) to nanospheroidal architectures (A1@CB[7]). The assembly behaviors were elucidated by acquired single-crystal structures, 1H NMR, ITC, and X-ray powder diffraction experiments. Complex A1@CB[7] displayed lower phytotoxicity and could efficiently switch on its potent antibacterial ability via introducing a simple competitor 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (AD). In vivo antibacterial trials against rice bacterial blight revealed that A1@CB[7] could relieve the disease symptoms after being triggered by AD and provide a workable control efficiency of 42.6% at 100 µg/mL, which was superior to bismerthiazol (33.4%). These materials can provide a viable platform for fabricating diverse stimuli-responsive supramolecular bactericides for managing bacterial infections with improved safety.

Preparation, characterization and immunoregulatory activity of derivatives of polysaccharide from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.

A polysaccharide (ALP-1) extracted from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. was carboxymethylated (C-ALP-1), phosphorylated (P-ALP-1) and acetylated (A-ALP-1) to improve its physicochemical properties and bioactivities. The solubility of all derivatives was increased, and the solubility of A-ALP-1 increased to 137.5 mg/mL, which was much higher than the solubility of ALP-1 (15.0 mg/mL). The results of HPSEC-MALLS-RID showed that the molecular weight of polysaccharides was slightly increased after the modification, and the root mean square radius of rotation (Rz) and morphology of polysaccharides in solution were also changed. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that the surface morphology of ALP-1 changed dramatically and the crystallinity decreased after structural modification. From thermal analysis results, the T50 of ALP-1, C-ALP-1, P-ALP-1 and A-ALP-1 were 281.34, 292.14, 333.75 and 298.70 °C, which showed that derivatives had stronger thermal stability than ALP-1. The immunomodulatory activity studies displayed that P-ALP-1 showed the best ability to stimulate RAW264.7 macrophages to release NO, and A-ALP-1 showed the best capacity to stimulate TNF-α and IL-6 releasing. These results indicated that chemical modification could enhance the solubility, the thermal stability and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides, which is beneficial for the development and utilization of natural polysaccharides.